Jacques augustin normand



(Nollodeh) J A NORMAND WINDOW FOR RAILWAY VEHICLES.

m T d 7 Y 5 Q w \\\m r 11F m M llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll rip d=\||1| E m m n m w P f in Witnesses UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

JAooUEs AueusTIN NORMAND, or HAVRE, FRANCE.

WINDOW FOR RAILWAY-VEHICLES.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 591,680, dated October12, 1897.

Application filed May 12, 1897. Serial No. 636,170. (No model.) Patentedin France November 4, 1896, No. 260,989.

To all whom it may concern:

Beit known that LJncouns AUGUSTIN NOR- MAND, a citizen of France,residing atleHavre, in the Department of the Seine-Infrieure, France,have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Windows forRailway-Vehicles, (for which I have obtained a patent in France, datedNovember 4, 1896, No. 260, 989,) of which the following is aspecification.

The sliding windows of railway-carriages are now generally so arrangedthat the currents of air which are due to the motion of the train andwhich are generally charged with dust and cinders enter the carriagewhen the window is opened and violently impinge on the passengers seatednear to such window and facingthe engine, so that the window isfrequently allowed to remain closed, when otherwise it would be verydesirable that it should be open. Even in the winter time it wouldfrequently be desirable to open the window, but this is not done becausethen, however little the window might be opened, the comparatively warmair in the interior would'at once be displaced by cold air from without,the air being apt to rush in with some violence even when the wind isblowing on the side of the train opposite to that on which the window isopened, because the vertical rear portion of the window-frame is in aplane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the carriage, andtherefore drives back, inwardly, the whirling gusts ofv air set up bythe rapidly-moving train. These inconveniences I propose to remedy byincreasing inside the carriage the thickness or depth of the verticalportions of the stationary frame of the sliding window and by impartingto the inner vertical walls of such frame, orat all events to the onewall which receives the impact of the wind produced by the train inmotion, an outwardly-diverging shape or outline.

Figure 1 is a front elevation taken from the exterior, showing myinvention applied to a car-window. Fig. 2 is a section upon the line nowin Fig. 1, and Fig. 3 is a section upon the line y 3 in Fig. 1.

In the new construction the parts A A, which form the inner sides of thewindowframe, are provided with guard-strips B B, having faces a Ct,which converge inwardly and diverge toward the outside of the carwindow.Said guard-strips B B preferably extend somewhat above the top and belowthe sill of the window, as shown-in Fig. 1, and they are rabbeted, asseen in Fig. 3, in such manner that the rabbets receive theangles of thesides of the window-frame upon the inner side of the window. In thismanner the outer edges of the diverging faces a a are brought near tothe inner face of the window.

The surfaces ct a preferably have a slightlyconcave form, as seen incross-section, and their inner edges extend inward beyond the edge ofthe sill a distance equal to the width of said sill or thereabout. Thesefaces should lie at such an angle of divergence outwardly and with theplane of the window that two lines, such as W W and W W, shall have anangle of divergence of not far from thirty degrees.

If the air-currents produced by the speed of motion have a directionfrom the right to the leftas, for example, in the line .2 z'theincreased width of the sides of the frame will diminish the volume ofair which enters the carriage obliquely without striking the inner rearwall of the frame. The air that strikes the said wall cannot find itsway into the interior of the carriage, being repelled by the obliqueform of the surface ofB, upon which it impinges, but even though a smallportion of such air should enter dust and cinders, owing to the inertiathereof, will not enter with it.

The strips B B do not project inward farther than the arm-restsgenerally fixed in the carriage, and when the door is opened, as shownin dotted lines in Fig. 3, they do not reduce the width of the aperture.

A further advantage of the pieces B B is that they effectively interceptthe rays of the sun, which would otherwise enter at the sides of thecurtain when it is drawn down.

Where the relative dimensions of the parts are as shown in the drawings,the desired result will be attained even with a wind of medium strengthblowing at right angles to the line of movement at a speed of, say, fourand one-half meters per second. The resultant of a wind havingthisvelocity upon meeting a car running at a speed of about nineteenmeters per second or sixty-eight kilometers per hour would be in suchdirection that it would be excluded from the interior of the car.

Generally the arrangement according to my invention will permit thewindow to be opened on either side of the carriage without creating anywhirling currents ofrair in the car riage, and even under unfavorablecircumstances the total or partial opening of the window will beattended with far less inconvenience than at present is the case.

I have shown and described a window fitted in a carriage-door, but myinvention can also be applied to windows provided in stationary parts orfixtures as well as in all vehicles.

The pieces B B may be fixed or adjustable or removable and adapted to beplaced in the position most favorable under the conditions, such as thedirection inwhich the train is moving at the time, and then the slightreduction of the field of vision which the pieces B, secured to thevertical portion of the frame, (which is not receiving the impact of thewind at the time,) would otherwise occasion can be obviated; but, on theother hand, this slight disadvantage is amply compensated for in thecase of stationary parts by the simplicity and strength and by the factthat they require no manipulation Whatever.

Having now particularly described and ascar, said guide-strips havingfaces which di-' verge outwardly, substantially as hereinbeforedescribed.

2. The combination with the sides of a carwindow of guard-strips havingoutwardly-divergent faces which have one edge lying near the window,crossing the sill of the latter and projecting inwardly beyond the samein converging lines, substantially as described.

3. The combination with a car-window of guard-strips having rabbetswhich receive the inner angles of the sides of the window-frame,

and provided with slightly-concave faces which cross the sill andproject inwardly in

